सिपमूलक तालिमको ऐतिहासि पृष्ठभूमि

d'n's ljsf;sf nflu bIf hgzlSt cfjZos kb{5 . o;} s'/fnfO{ dgg u/L cf7hgf g]kfnL o'jfnfO{ l;k l;Sg k|wfgdGqL b]jzdz]/sf kfnf -lj;+ !(%*_ df hfkfg k7fpg] k|of; ul/of] . nfdf] k|lj|mofkl5 tL ljBfyL{ k|wfgdGqL rGb|zdz]/sf kfnfdf hfkfg k'u] . OlGhlgol/ª, s[lif, vlgh, /;fogzf:q, ;]/fldS;, /]zdv]tL ljifodf cWoog u/L pgLx¿ :jb]z kmls{P . g]kfndf k|fljlws / Jofj;flos l;kd"ns ljsf;sf] yfngLsf ¿kdf o;nfO{ lng ;lsG5 .
/f0ff zf;gdf pBf]u, snsf/vfgf / Jofj;flos sfo{ k|foM z"Go lyof] . t}klg To; avt …hf}g b]zsf] ujg{DofG6 cfˆgf k|hfnfO{ wg bf}ny vr{ u/L csf{ 7fddf Ond l;sfpg k7fpF5 p; d'n'ssf] t/SsL x'G5Ú eGg] dfGotf /flvPsf] lyof] . lj;+ !(**, !(*(, !(() nufotsf jif{df g]kfnL ljBfyL{nfO{ ;/sf/n] Jofj;flos ljifosf] cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIff tyf tflndsf nflu ljb]z k7fPsf] lyof] . ;r]tgfsf sf/0f l;kd"ns tflnd lbP/ /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug{]tkm{ eGbf klg kl/jlt{t ;do cg';f/sf] dfusf sf/0f ul/Psf k|of; lyP . ljutsf oL k|of;af6 g} Jofj;flos tyf l;k ljsf; tflnd;DaGwL] cfwf/ v8f eof] . ;f];DaGwL P]ltxfl;s s]xL 36gfj|mdnfO{ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5–

• !(*& ;fn df3 @! ut] 6]lSgsn :s'n :yfkgf;DaGwL ;gb -sfg'g_ hf/L ul/of] . ;gbdf sfnLu9L, v]tL, a'gf]6 OToflb /f]huf/ rNg] Ond xfl;n u/L ;'lj:tf;Fu Jojxf/, /f]huf/ rnfpg ;s"g\ eGgsf nflu 6]lSgsn :s'n v8f ul/Psf] pNn]v lyof] -;|f]tM /f0ffsfnLg lzIff_ .
• !(*& ;fn kmfu'g !( ut] sf7df8f}Fsf] a;Gtk'/sf] s'df/Lrf]sdf 6]lSgsn :s'nsf] sfof{no v'Nof] . !(** ;fn h]7 @( ut] 6]lSgsn -snf ljBf;DaGwL_ :s'nsf] pb\3f6g ul/of] -;|f]tM /f0ffsfnLg lzIff_ .
• !(** ;fn r}t #) ut] 6]lSgsn :s'ncGtu{t OlGhlgol/ª ;]S;g klg :yfkgf ul/of] . 6]lSgsn :s'ndf s[lif, s6fO, a'gfO, /ª\ufOsf ;fy} OlGhlgol/ª;DaGwL ljifo cflb l;sfOGYof] . OlGhlgol/ª ;]S;gn] ;acf]e/l;o/sf] k|df0fkq lbGYof] -;|f]tM uf]/vfkq_ .
• g]kfn lrqsnf / d"lt{snfdf k|Voft lyof] . o;sf] ljsf; ug{ yk tflnd k|fKt hgzlStsf] dx;'; ul/of] . t;y{ !(() ;fn sflQs * ut] cf6{ :s'n -h'4 snf kf7zfnf_ :yfkgf ug{ ;gb hf/L ul/of] -;|f]tM g]kfn nlntsnf k|1f k|lti7fg_ . o; :s'ndf lrqsnf / d"lt{snfsf af/]df l;sfOGYof] . 6]lSgsn :s'nn] /]zdL, pmgL, ;'tL cflbsf sf]6, sldh, leqL–aflx/L kf];fssf ;fy} kSsL /ªsf 9fsf;d]t tof/ ug{ l;sfpg] u/]sf] lyof] . k|wfgdGqL h'4zdz]/n] kxf8sf o'jfnfO{ lemsfP/ sfd l;sfpg] Joj:yf ul/lbPsf lyP . pgLx¿nfO{ sfd l;s'~h]n vfga:gsf ;fy} yf]/} eQf klg pknAw u/fOGYof] . 6]lSgsn :s'ndf egf{ x'g sDtLdf sIff ^ pQL0f{ ePsf] x'g'kg{] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . 6]lSgsn :s'naf6 tflnd lnPsfx¿sf] dfu a9\g yfn]kl5 egf{ x'g] ljBfyL{sf] rfk klg a9\g yfNof] . !((# ;fndf lj/f6gu/df h'6ldn sf/vfgf :yfkgf ePkl5 bIf hgzlSt cfjZos kg{] eof] . 6]lSgsn :s'ndf k9]sf w]/}n] To; pBf]udf /f]huf/L kfP -;|f]tM ;+lIfKt kl/ro, Jofj;flos tyf l;k ljsf; tflnd k|lti7fg_ .
• !((^ ;fndf sk8fdf 5fKg] sfd l;sfpg g]kfnL sk8f 3/]n' Ond k|rf/s c8\8f klg vf]lnof] . @))) ;fnlt/ 3/]n' pBf]u ljBfno :yfkgf ul/of] . To;n] ;'tL -stfO, /ª\ufO / a'gfO_, xf]lhof/L -df]hf, kGhf, unaGbL cflb a'Gg]_, pmgL -stfO, /ª\ufO / a'gfO_, ;"lrsf/ -n'uf, sf]6 cflb sf6\g / ldnfpg_ nufot ljifodf tflnd lbg] u/]sf] lyof] -;|f]tM uf]/vfkq_ . o6\vfsf] sGof ljBfno, h};Lb]jsf] ;Ltf/fd kb\d ljBf>d cflb ljBfnon] klg l;nfO, a'gfO, uf8]{lgª, a'6\6f eg{] nufotsf tflnd lbg yfln;s]sf lyP .
• ef/tsf dxfTdf ufGwLn] cfwf/ lzIffsf] yfngL u/] . To;nfO{ a'lgofbL lzIff klg elgGYof] . cf}krfl/s lzIff lbg'sf ;fy} l;sfO, a'gfO, s6fO, l;sdL{, 8sdL{, s[lif nufotsf tflnd klg lbOGYof] -ljutsf kfgf, 8f+= q}nf]Sogfy pk|]tL_ . JolSt ;fIf/ x'g'sf ;fy} xftdf l;k x'Fbf d'n'snfO{ cfjZos kg{] bIf hgzlStsf] k"lt{ x'g;Sg] p2]Zo cfwf/ lzIffsf] lyof] .
• @))$ ;fn h]7 !) ut] txfrnsf] 5fpgLdf cfwf/ lzIff tflnd s]Gb| :yfkgf ul/of] . To;cGtu{t b]zsf ljleGg :yfgdf wdfwd cfwf/ :s'n :yfkgf ul/of] -;|f]tM s]xL z}lIfs ;+:d/0f, tf/fdfgl;+x :jfF/_ . o:tf :s'nn] s[lif, uQfsf] sfd, lrqsnf, stfO nufot ljifodf tflnd lbGYof] .
• @))& ;fndf k|hftGq k|flKt;Fu} gofF pBf]usf] :yfkgf x'g yfn] / To;n] /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ l;h{gf ug{ yfNof] . o;}aLr @)!# ;fnb]lv cfjlws of]hgfsf] yfngL eof] . Tof] a]nf pRr txsf &#) hgf ljz]if1 rflxPsf]df @)& hgfdfq lyP . lgDg :t/sf ljz]if1 rf/ xhf/ @&* hgf lyP . o;af6 d'n'sdf bIf hgzlStsf] vfFrf] lyof] eGg] k|i6 x'G5 . k|yd cfjlws of]hgfn] ljleGg hgzlStnfO{ tflnd lbg 6]lSgsn :s'n vf]Ng] / pRrsf]6Lsf sd{rf/L tyf l;ko'St hgzlSt pTkfbg ug{ ef/t nufotsf d'n'sdf k7fpg] of]hgf cufl8 a9fof] . o;} j|mddf @)!^ ;fndf lj/f6gu/df Jofj;flos k|lzIf0f s]Gb| :yfkgf ul/of] / tflnd lbO{ bIf hgzlSt pTkfbg ug{ yflnof] -;|f]tM /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u_ .
• ?/n OlG:6Ro'6, sf7df8f}F–/fktL @)!) ;fndf, g;{ 6«]lgª :s'n @)!@ ;fndf, 3/]n' pBf]u tflnd @)!# ;fndf, s[lif :s'n @)!$ ;fndf, x]Ny cl;:6]G6 :s'n @)!$ ;fndf, ;j]{o/ -cldg_ tflnd @)!$ ;fndf, km/]:6 :s'n @)!% ;fndf, OlGhlgol/ª :s'n @)!^ ;fndf, x]6f}+8fdf >lds cfk"lt{ s]Gb| @)## ;fndf yflnof] . bf];|f] of]hgf cfOk'Ubf;Dddf 5 xhf/ #!% hgfn] tflnd kfO;s]sf lyP . ljleGg ljifodf tflndsf nflu b'O{ xhf/ !%# hgfnfO{ ljb]z k7fOPsf] lyof] -;|f]tM /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u_ .
• cfly{s jif{ @)#$÷#% df ef/tsf @@% hgfn] sf7df8f}Fdf s]z z[ª\uf/ k;n ;~rfng u/]sf lyP . g]kfnL gful/snfO{ g} s]z z[ª\uf/ Joj;fodf ;+nUg u/fpg'k5{ eGg] dx;'; eP/ @)#$ ;fndf tTsfnLg b/af/sf] ;lj|motfdf sf7df8f}Fsf] k'tnL;8sdf >d ljefucGtu{t /xg] u/L s]; st{g tflnd s]Gb|sf ¿kdf sfof{no v8f u/L ;f]xLdfkm{t @)#% ;fn j}zfvdf >d ljefun] !% hgf g]kfnLnfO{ o:tf] tflnd lbPsf] lyof] .

o;sf nflu $# xhf/ ?lkofF ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] lyof] -;|f]tM uf]/vfkq_ . k'?ifsf ;fy} dlxnfnfO{ klg o:tf] tflnd lbg yflnof] . s]z z[ª\uf/afx]s ljleGg ljifodf tflnd k|bfg ug{] sfo{ hf/L /Xof] .

• >dk|wfg l;kd"ns tflndsf] cfjZostf dx;'; u/L :yfkgf ePsf] s]zst{g tflnd s]Gb| g} Jofj;flos tyf l;k ljsf; tflnd s]Gb|sf ¿kdf ljsl;t eof] . >d ahf/sf] dfu / cfjZostfcg';f/ bIf hgzlSt pTkfbg u/L :jb]zdf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ l;h{gf ug{, pBdzLntf ljsf; u/L pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj clej[l4 ug{, ljleGg tflnd sfo{j|md tyf lgsfonfO{ PsLs[t u/L s]Gb|Lo tflnd k|bfos lgsfosf ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ cfly{s jif{ @)^!÷^@ df ljefu:t/Lo sfof{nosf ¿kdf nlntk'/sf] e}+;]kf6Ldf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf eof] . s]Gb|cGtu{t /xg] u/L d'n'ssf ljleGg :yfgdf !^ j6f l;k ljsf; tflnd s]Gb| :yfkgf eP . ;a} If]q ;d]6]/ cfjf;Lo tyf u}/cfjf;Lo b'j} k|sf/sf l;kd"ns tflndsf nflu &#) 306] kf7\oj|md lgdf{0f u/L tflnd sfo{j|md sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] kfOG5 .
• d'n'sdf ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfsf] sfof{Gjog;Fu} s]Gb|sf] ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g u/L o; cGtu{tsf sfof{nonfO{ k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ;dfof]hg ul/Psf] 5 . nlntk'/sf] e}+;]kf6L, ¿kGb]xLsf] a'6jn / ;'g;/Lsf] O6x/Ldf /x]sf sfof{nonfO{ >d /f]huf/ tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff dGqfnosf] dftxtdf /xg] u/L @)&% ;fndf s]Gb|sf] gfd kl/jt{g u/L Jofj;flos tyf l;k ljsf; tflnd k|lti7fg gfds tLgj6f ;dfgfGt/ sfof{no /flvof] .
• rf}wf}F of]hgf -cfly{s jif{ @)&#÷&$–@)&%÷&^_df l;k k|bfos tflnd s]Gb|x¿nfO{ j|mdzM PsLs[t u/L Ps} 7fpFaf6 l;k ljsf; tflnd lbg] / k|To]s k|b]zdf Pp6f ljifout l;k ljsf; tflnd s]Gb| :yfkgf ug{] sfo{gLltsf ¿kdf cufl8 ;fl/of] .
• @)*) ;fn dª\l;/ !! ut] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf hf/L u/L >d /f]huf/ tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff dGqfnocGtu{t /xg] u/L ljsf; ;ldlt P]g, @)!# cg';f/ /fli6«o Jofj;flos k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg ljsf; ;ldlt u7g cfb]z hf/L u/L e}+;]kf6L nlntk'/nfO{ ;lrjfnosf ¿kdf tyf O6x/L / a'6jndf /x]sf sfof{nonfO{ k|lti7fg cGtu{tsf Jofj;flos k|lzIf0f s]Gb|sf ¿kdf /xg] u/L cfb]z hf/L ul/of] .
• ;ldltsf] klxnf] a}7s @)*) ;fn k'; @# ut] dGqfnodf a;]kl5 o; k|lti7fgsf] cf}krfl/s ;'?jft eof] .

;f]x|f}F of]hgfdf ePsf Joj:yf

• xfn sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] ;f]x|f}F of]hgf -cfly{s jif{ @)*!÷*@–@)*%÷*^_n] ¿kfGt/0fsf/L /0fgLltsf ¿kdf >d ahf/df k|j]z u/]sf o'jfnfO{ nlIft u/L /f]huf/pGd'v k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos tflnd ;~rfng ug{], tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfsf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug{] of]hgf cufl8 ;fl/Psf] 5 .
• Jofj;flos tflndsf] pknAwtf;Fu} ;'?jftL k'FhL, k|ljlw / ahf/Ls/0fsf nflu ;xof]u ug{], dfudf cfwfl/t / k|ljlwo'St tflnd k|bfg ug{], kf7\oj|mddf ;'wf/ ug{], tflnd s]Gb|x¿sf] lj:tf/ ug{], klg /0fgLlt th'{df ul/Psf] 5 .
• 5f]6f] cjlwsf /f]huf/pGd'v l;k ljsf; tflnd ;~rfng, /f]huf/bftfsf] dfuadf]lhdsf] hgzlSt ljsf;nfO{ cufl8 a9fOPsf] 5 .
• Jofj;flos tyf l;k ljsf; tflndsf] PsLs/0f tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{], l;Sb} sdfpFb} ug{ sfo{:yndf cfwfl/t tflnd ;~rfng ug{] klg k|d'v sfo{j|mddf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .